International journal of crisis & safety

In teaching safety education to young children, early childhood teachers not only have to consider the use of safety issues related to young children as part of a useful strategy, but also the age of the children and various teaching methods. After the teachers recognize the importance of safety education, they have to perform and plan the actual safety education methods based on safety concepts and basic theories. For this reason, it is essential to plan and teach safety education based on the age of the children for pre-service teachers in order to prevent contingent safety accidents in pre-service education. In this thesis, I am going to design a child safety education for the flipped learning method in order to supplement the traditional lecture method. According to flipped learning, it is possible to understand theories completely by providing learning materials(e.g., various practical samples) in pre-class and develop the pre-service teachers’ ability of dealing with accidents and caring for the safety of the children by extending practice hours for planning and conducting various safety education based on the background of theory that was acquired in pre-class. The characteristics of the class model of child safety education applied in the flipped learning method are as follows. First, a total of 4 topics are included in the flipped learning method, except for theory lessons and field trips, with regard to the overall design of the child safety education class, safety education on traffic and fire, which occur frequently during childhood period, and environment and media safety education, which are correctly oriented. Second, pre-class step provides study materials(e.g., various practical cases) to pre-service teachers for a better understanding theories, and simple quizzes to pre-service teachers for checking themselves if they understood the contents or not. Third, in-class step develops a cooperative relationship among the parties in PBL and debate cases. For the successful implementation of the flipped learning method, teaching activities are planned and performed based on a child-centered learning method. PBL learning includes searching for data, preparing a teaching plan suitable for children’s developmental characteristics, providing teaching materials, and teaching safety education after providing actual safety situations. Debate learning focuses on decision making regarding the roles and conducting discussions with a logical basis after providing the topics, such as value judgment. It also evaluates the other team’s debate after providing a specific valuation basis. Fourth, the post-class step manages the team’s weak points result from a portfolio feedback. According to the child safety education applied to the flipped learning method, pre-service teachers will be able to extend their ability on safety management and handling dangerous situations related to the safety of the children.

This study was performed to provide the basic data for first aid management by identifying the degree of education on the infant first aid of child care teacher. The concept of first aid in the child care facilities is the basic first aid by the child care teacher, the discoverer, when the emergency occurs and is the process to protect the condition of infant, and to prevent the aggravation and additional damage until receiving the support of the medical expert or the treatment in the hospital. The first aid refers to the skill to performed with hands without special medical equipments or tools and since the pain is reduced, economical damage is minimized and most all, the secondary damage is prevented with simple basic treatment, it is required. Therefore, as one of the emergency medical treatments, the first aid is not only to help temporarily to prevent the danger of life or significant aggravation of symptom until receiving better treatment in the hospital but also include the acts to call 119 and to help recovering without medical treatment to prevent the significant aggravation. As such, if one perceives the emergency and knows first aid, he/she may save the life from death and can enhance the quality of life The first person who discover the emergency in the child care facilities is the child care teacher and should be educated so that can provide the important help in the emergency by identifying the emergency through the periodic education without receiving professional first aid training. As a first responder, the faster the action of the child care teacher the greater influence on the prognosis of the infant can be granted. Although the type of accident varies slightly by research, mostly the wound such as fall, bump, bleeding, fracture, sprain, dislocation, high fever, fall, etc. is reported. Therefore, through the type of emergency, the child care teacher always needs to observe and protect the infants. As seen above, this study suggests as follows. First, the infant first aid mode for child care teacher should be developed and distributed. General first aid training is important. Particularly, the first aid for infant should guide the characteristics of the infant's develop-mental phase. In addition, through the education of accident type and the treatment training by common symptom, the child care teacher can respond to the emergency. Second, the first aid training system should be distributed systematically in the national level. Third, the first aid training for the child care teacher needs the changes of the education strategy

As growing the size of sport industry, every person has witnessed a dramatic rise in the popularity of various forms of sport activities such as fitness, water sport, outdoor sport, bike, ball games, etc. Participation in sport programs is a natural way for most people to be physically active, and the opportunities to take part in organized sports have increased markedly during the last decades. However, participation in sport activities increases the risk of sports and facility-related injuries because risks are inherent in sport and even the safest programs can never avoid accidents and injuries. As the increase in participation of sport activities over the years, it is widely believed that sports injuries are becoming more and more prevalent - across all age groups in nationwide. With-out the well-developed risk management plans, however, poorly run programs could result in a negative reputa-tion as well as a financial loss for the organizations. The use of appropriate risk management strategies is the best way to reduce the risk from occurring in the first place. According to the previous study, existing a formal risk management plan in sport organization can reduce the injury rates of participants and improve quality of service for participants of sport programs. In addition, a risk management plan can reduce money paid for loss claims as well as maintain the safety of services. Therefore, the purpose of study is to explore the impact of risk management, to discuss risk assessment and analysis, to addresses the need for risk assessment at sport facilities, and finally to describe the sport-specific risk management plan(RMP) developed while conducting research through the literatures for sport professions to reduce the risks and hazards anticipated in so that the sport organizations could avoid unforeseeable litigation, defamation, financial loss, accidents and injuries of personnel. The D.I.M. process should be used as an effective way to establish a proper risk management plan that will assist organizations in decreasing unwanted losses. This process consists of three steps as follows: 1)developing RMP, 2)implementing RMP, and 3)managing RMP. Developing a risk management plan, the first step of the D.I.M. process consists of three detailed stages: 1)Identifying risks, 2)Classifying risks, and 3)selecting methods of treat-ment for the risks. The next step in the D.I.M. process consists of implementing the risk management plan. Im-plementation means communication with all employees and the risk manager should impart to them that com-munication is critically important in order to put the risk management plan into practice. The final component of the D.I.M. process is to manage the RMP. In the managing the RMP step, hiring or selection of a risk manager or a risk management committee, providing the risk manager or committee with the authority to lead, and provid-ing employees with the opportunity for continual input into the RMP are executed. The last process for RMP is risk management audit to review their process through a good feedback system. A risk management audit is a formal review of the plan that attempts to cover all pertinent legal aspects of the organization. Managing risk is to make the question “What if” and always have an answer for it. Sport related facility su-pervisors, program providers, or instructors have the responsibility to follow policies, consider all possible risks or take precautions and appropriate safety measures in order to reduce financial or personnel risks.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of aquatic exercise on the job re-lated physical fitness and pulmonary function ability of fire fighters, and to confirm that the improvement of work performance and breath-ing ability of fire fighters can be achieved through aquatic exercise. In order to accomplish this purpose, the subjects were selected from 30 fire fighters working at C city, and the effects of the aquatic exercise on the work job related physical fitness and pulmonary function ability of fire fighters were as follows. The participants were divided into two groups: Exercise group(n=15) and Control group(n=15). The aquatic training for 12 weeks. The results of this study were as follows: First, As for the job related physical fitness, there were significantly increased in Grasping power, sit-up, seated hip adductor stretching, back strength, standing long jump and 20m round trip running in the exercise group. Second, As for the gait Ability, there were significantly increased in speed and stepin the exercise group. As conclusions, this study confirmed that the aquatic training could improve the job related physical fitness and pulmonary function of fire fighters. However, there is a need for more specific exercise programs to be developed for the continual improvement of athletic performance in aquatic training along with further studies to confirm the physiological benefits of those programs.